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Drug testing can detect drugs for days, weeks or even months depending on the drug, frequency of use, drug test type, your personal metabolism, as well as many other factors. See How To Pass A Drug Test for more comprehensive information.
Urinalysis is the most commonly used and most inexpensive from of drug testing. While most drugs will be washed out of your system after a few days, marijuana will test positive for several weeks after the last use. This is because THC is not water-soluble and will actually "stick" to the fatty tissues in your body. Luckily, our Same Day and Permanent cleansing programs can clean out the residue. Just stay clean for two days and our products will take care of everything else!
Hair testing can detect all substance activity in-depth over a long period of time. Whenever a substance enters your bloodstream, either through ingestion, inhalation, or injection, it deposits a residue in the hair shaft that remains until the hair is cut. Kind of like rings on a tree, whatever substance history you have is recorded in your hair. The longer your hair, the more history they have to use against you. Fortunately, our line of cleansing shampoos and other hair products can permanently cleanse all traces of activity from your hair. So you get two Pass Your Test and keep your hair!
Blood testing is the most expensive, thorough and rare form of testing. It is usually used by high-profile agencies and insurance companies. That means that if you're getting a blood test, it's probably for the opportunity of your dreams! In order to cleanse the body of all toxins you must go through a four to six day program involving a special diet, regulated fluids, daily supplements, and a final detoxifying solution. The program comes with precise, user-friendly instructions and you are free to contact our customer support 24 hours a day if you have any questions. Also included with the program are two bonus self-tests of your choosing to insure that your results will be clear.
Saliva testing is generally a short-term, spur of the moment procedure. It can detect recent use of alcohol, marijuana, meth and cocaine in the chemicals in your mouth. Since this type of test is often a surprise, your only defense is to be prepared. Our mouthwash will instantly negate any chemicals in your saliva from registering on the test. If you have a supply on hand, you can easily evade the surprise saliva test.
The Causes of False Positive Drug Testing can be attributed to human error and sample contamination. In addition, there are a number of controlled and uncontrolled substances that will cause a false positive result; these are some of the reasons why labs will immediately split your specimen into two samples. Below are some of the many substances to avoid prior to testing.
Take this very seriously, your employer or probation officer certainly will. The Causes of False Positive Drug Testing run high with the EMIT, and in some cases this is all it takes to send you to the unemployment office or a parole/probation revocation hearing. National laboratories state that the EMIT test is wrong 25% to 30% of the time, and can result in the The Causes of False Positive Drug Testing from legal substances up to 38% of the time!
Glossary Of Alcohol And Drug And Other Terms
A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z
Abstinence: Discontinuance and avoidance of further use of a drug.
Addictive Personality: An addictive personality is a trait, or set of traits, that develops in response to habit-forming drugs/alcohol or compulsive behavior (gambling, overeating/undereating, sex). It is not present prior to an addiction. One cannot predict an individual's predisposition to develop an addiction by looking for an addictive personality.
ADP (or DADP): State of California Department of Alcohol and Drugs. Their mission is to provide leadership, policy direction and administration of a statewide system to eliminate alcohol and drug problems.
Adverse Reaction: Reaction of an organism to a drug that is different from the desired reaction and is determined to be detrimental to the organism.
AIDS: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
Alcoholics Anonymous (AA): A voluntary fellowship founded in 1935 and concerned with the recovery and continued sobriety of the alcoholic who turns to the organization for help. The AA program consists basically of Twelve Suggested Steps designed for the personal recovery from alcoholism, and AA is the major proponent of the disease model of alcoholism. Alcoholism: Alcoholism is a primary chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial. and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestation. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic.
Ambivalence: The condition of holding opposite feelings (such as love and hate) for the same person or object. Excessive and prevalent ambivalence was thought by Bleuler to be a feature of schizophrenia.
Amphetamine: Amphetamine is a stimulant and an appetite suppressant. It stimulates the central nervous system (nerves and brain) by increasing the amount of certain chemicals in the body. This increases heart rate and blood pressure and decreases appetite, among other effects. A number of drugs have been developed and marketed to replace amphetamines as appetite suppressants. These anorectic drugs include benzphetamine (Didrex®), diethylproprion (Tenuate®, Tepanil®), mazindol (Sanorex®, Mazanor®), phendimetrazine (Bontril®, Prelu-27®), and phentermine (lonamin®, Fastin®, Adipex®)..
Anorectic Drugs: A number of drugs have been developed and marketed to replace amphetamines as appetite suppressants. These anorectic drugs include benzphetamine (Didrex®), diethylproprion (Tenuate®, Tepanil®), mazindol (Sanorex®, Mazanor®), phendimetrazine (Bontril®, Prelu-27®), and phentermine (lonamin®, Fastin®, Adipex®). These substances are in Schedule III or IV of the CSA and produce some amphetamine-like effects. Of these diet pills, phentermine is the most widely prescribed and most frequently encountered on the illicit market. Two Schedule IV anorectics often used in combination with phentermine (phen-fen combo), fenfluramine and dexfenfluramine, were removed from the U.S. market due to heart valve problems.
Anorexia: Lack or loss of appetite for food, accompanied by a noticeable weight loss if it is chronic.
AOD: Alcohol and Other Drugs.
AODA: Alcohol and Other Drug Abuse.
Assessment: Interviewing a client to obtain the sociological background, psychological makeup, educational and work history, family and marriage difficulties and medical issues to better assess a client's need for treatment. Information is gathered and weighed carefully against specific criteria that determine the prevalence of a chemical dependency problem.
Aversive Conditioning: A form of behavior therapy that is used to reduce the occurrence of undesirable behavior, such as sexual deviations or drug addiction. Conditioning is used, with repeated pairing of some unpleasant stimulus with a stimulus related to the undesirable behavior. An example is pairing the taste of beer with electric shock in the treatment of alcoholism. Aversion therapy is little used nowadays.
Barbiturate: Barbiturates are derived from barbituric acid and are part of the class of drugs that induce sedation and hypnosis (or induce sleep), but have anticonvulsant, antiepileptic, and muscle relaxant properties. They are generally used for anesthesia in surgery and for insomnia (though currently, these drugs are being replaced by benzodiazepines). Some common barbiturates include phenobarbital, thiopental and mephobarbital.
Behaviorism: A branch of psychology that bases its observations and conclusions on definable and measurable behavior and on experimental methods, rather than on concept of "mind."
Benzodiazepine: The benzodiazepine family of depressants is used therapeutically to produce sedation, induce sleep, relieve anxiety and muscle spasms, and to prevent seizures. In general, benzodiazepines act as hypnotics in high doses, anxiolytics in moderate doses, and sedatives in low doses. Of the drugs marketed in the United States that affect central nervous system function, benzodiazepines are among the most widely prescribed medications. Fifteen members of this group are presently marketed in the United States, and about 20 additional benzodiazepines are marketed in other countries. Benzodiazepines are controlled in Schedule IV of the CSA. Recent Internet sales of bulk chemicals such as these piperazine derivatives have been identified in cases involving "club drugs" sold to adolescents and young adults. Sometimes sold as "ecstasy", but most often sold as "BZP", "legal E", "legal X" or "A2", these piperazines are increasingly showing up in federal and state laboratories. Piperazine produces stimulant and hallucinogenic effects similar to MDMA (ecstasy).
Biofeedback: Use of a signal, such as muscle tension or brain slaves, to control a normally involuntary physiological process.
Blood Alcohol Level or Concentration: The concentration of alcohol in the blood, usually expressed in percent by weight.
Bulimia: Recurrent episodes of binge eating (rapid consumption of a large amount of food in a discrete period of time, usually less than two hours). It also includes "consumption of high-calorie, easily ingested food, which is usually done in an inconspicuous maimer. These episodes may be terminated by abdominal pain, sleep, social interruption or self induced vomiting."
Buprenorphine: This drug is a semi-synthetic narcotic derived from thebaine and is currently being investigated for the treatment of narcotic addiction. Like methadone and LAAM, buprenorphine is potent (30 to 50 times the analgesic potency of morphine), has a long duration of action, and does not need to be injected. The buprenorphine products under development are sublingual tablets. Unlike the other treatment drugs, buprenorphine produces far less respiratory depression and is thought to be safer in overdose. Buprenorphine is currently available in the United States as an injectable Schedule V narcotic analgesic (Buprenex®) for human and veterinary use.
Butorphanol: While butorphanol can be made from thebaine, it is usually manufactured synthetically. It was initially available in injectable formulations for human (Stadol®) and veterinary (Torbugesic® and Torbutrol®) use. More recently, a nasal spray (Stadol NS®) became available, and significant diversion and abuse of this product led to the 1997 control of butorphanol in Schedule IV of the CSA. Butorphanol is a clear example of a drug gaining favor as a drug of abuse only after it became available in a form that facilitated its mode of administration (nasal spray v. injection).
CAADE: California Association for Alcohol and Drug Educators. This non-profit association consists of substance abuse educators in higher education. Has developed a model drug alcohol studies curriculum widely used by agencies throughout the state.
CAADPE: California Association of Alcohol and Drug Program Executives. This non-profit association consists mainly of representatives from substance abuse providers in the field. Primarily based in Southern California.
CAARR: California Association of Addiction Recovery Resources. This group represents residential alcohol recovery programs utilizing the social model and certifies specialists to its own standards.
CADCEP: California Alcoholism and Drug Counselors Education Program. The education arm of CAADAC, which is responsible for certifying all education programs that meet CAADAC's requirements
CAADAC: California Association of Alcohol and Drug Abuse Counselors. This non-profit association represents a group of drug and alcohol counselors in the field. Has developed its own certification standards.
CADDTP: California Association of Drinking Driving Treatment Program. This is an association of treatment programs that represents DUI purposes in California and certifies counselors to its own standards.
CADPAP: California Association of Drug Programs and Professionals, also known as the Alliance. A statewide group of providers, including substance abuse programs and professional counselors based in .
Caffeine: An alkaloid found in coffee, tea, and kola nuts, that acts as a stimulant and a diuretic.
CANSA: The Consolidated Association of Nurses in Substance Abuse, is a membership organization of nurses certified in substance abuse treatment and recovery.
CADPAAC: County Alcohol and Drug Program Administrators Association of California consists of the alcohol program administrators from each county in California.
Cannabis: Cannabis is a genus of flowering plants that includes three putative species, Cannabis sativa, Cannabis indica, and Cannabis ruderalis. These three taxa are indigenous to Central Asia, and South Asia. Cannabis has long been used for fibre (hemp), for seed and seed oils, for medicinal purposes, and as a recreational drug. Industrial hemp products are made from Cannabis plants selected to produce an abundance of fiber. To satisfy the UN Narcotics Convention, some hemp strains have been developed which contain minimal levels of THC (tetrahydrocannabinol), one of the psychoactive molecules that produces the "high" associated with Cannabis. The psychoactive product consists of dried flowers of plants selectively bred to produce high levels of THC and other psychoactive chemicals. Various extracts including hashish and hash oil are also produced from the plant. Other names are grass, pot, weed, bud, Mary Jane, dope, indo, hydro, ganga.
Carcinogen: An agent or factor that causes cancer.
Causal Factors: The antecedent conditions or cues that influence the outcome of a chemical dependency problem in an individual. Many schools of thought have theorized what these are, and while none agree wholeheartedly, most agree that environment, conditioning and genetics play a role.
CCDC: Certified Chemical Dependency Counselor.
Chemical Dependence: Synonymous with Substance Abuse. The DSM IV (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Ed.) describes substance abuse as:
A maladaptive pattern of substance abuse leading to clinically significant impairment or distress, as manifested by one or more of the following, occurring within a 12-month period: a) recurrent substance use resulting in a failure to fulfill major role obligations at work, school, or home
b) recurrent substance use in situations in which it is physically hazardous
c) recurrent substance-related legal problems
d) continued substance use despite having persistent or recurrent social or interpersonal problems caused or exacerbated by the effects of the substance
Central Nervous System (CNS): The brain and spinal cord. Chemical: Substance capable of altering body function.
Cirrhosis: Chronic liver disease marked by scarring of liver tissue and eventually liver failure.
Classical Conditioning: In classical conditioning, which was discovered by Pavlov, a light or sound is paired with a natural reinforcement. The response which was initially produced by the reinforcement becomes conditioned' so that it occurs to the light or sound even when no reinforcement is given. This is therefore a matter of learning an association between two stimuli (the reinforcement and the light or sound) and is referred to as S-S conditioning.
Chloral Hydrate: The oldest of the hypnotic (sleep inducing} depressants, chloral hydrate was first synthesized in 1832. Marketed as syrups or soft gelatin capsules, chloral hydrate takes effect in a relatively short time (30 minutes) and will induce sleep in about an hour. A solution of chloral hydrate and alcohol constituted the infamous "knockout drops" or "Mickey Finn." At therapeutic doses, chloral hydrate has little effect on respiration and blood pressure; however; a toxic dose produces severe respiratory depression and very low blood pressure. Chronic use is associated with liver damage and a severe withdrawal syndrome. Although some physicians consider chloral hydrate to be the drug of choice for sedation of children before diagnostic, dental, or medical procedures, its general use as a hypnotic has declined. Chloral hydrate (Noctec® and other) and compounds, preparations, or mixtures containing choral hydrate are in Schedule IV of the CSA.
Cocaine: Cocaine is a powerfully addictive stimulant that directly affects the brain. Cocaine has been labeled the drug of the 1980s and '90s, because of its extensive popularity and use during this period. However, cocaine is not a new drug. In fact, it is one of the oldest known drugs. The pure chemical, cocaine hydrochloride, has been an abused substance for more than 100 years and coca leaves, the source of cocaine, have been ingested for thousands of years. Other names include: Coke, snow, flake, blow, nose candy, snowball, tornado, wicky stick, Perico, Yayo.
Co-Dependence: A mechanism whereby a person takes responsibility for actions of others and helps one avoid facing problems directly in order to preserve stability in a family relationship.
Codeine: Codeine is the most widely used, naturally occurring narcotic in medical treatment in the world. This alkaloid is found in opium in concentrations ranging from 0.7 to 2.5 percent. However, most codeine used in the United States is produced from morphine. Codeine is also the starting material for the production of two other narcotics, dihydrocodeine and hydrocodone.
Cognitive Therapy / Processesing: A form of psychotherapy based on the belief that psychological problems are the products of faulty ways of thinking about the world. For example, a depressed patient may have come to see him- or herself as powerless to change in any way. The therapist assists the patient to identify these false ways of thinking and to avoid them.
COMP: California Organization of Methadone Programs.
Competencies: Skills that are essential to perform certain functions, for example, social workers must have competencies in a number of areas to be effective professionals and to be licensed.
Conditioning: A change in behavior due to association between events. It was the basis of learning theories that dominated academic psychology from World War I to about 1960. Conditioning is usually divided into two kinds: classical or Pavlovian; and operant or instrumental. Both involve the pairing of an event with reinforcement', which may be positive' (rewards of food, drink, or sex) or negative' (punishment such as electric shock). In classical conditioning, which was discovered by Pavlov, a light or sound is paired with a natural reinforcement. The response which was initially produced by the reinforcement becomes conditioned' so that it occurs to the light or sound even when no reinforcement is given. This is therefore a matter of learning an association between two stimuli (the reinforcement and the light or sound) and is referred to as S-S conditioning. Operant conditioning follows the US psychologist Edward Thorndike's (1874-1949) 'law of effect' (1911): that responses become more frequent if followed by satisfying consequences but less frequent if followed by aversive consequences. Skinner showed that a rat which is rewarded when it operates on' its environment by pressing a lever will increase its number of lever-presses. It is therefore associating the stimulus (reinforcement) with its own behavior (response). This is referred to as S-R conditioning. Psychologists dispute whether these two kinds of conditioning do really differ from each other. Most conditioning experiments have been done with animals. It is very doubtful whether all animal, let alone human, learning is due to conditioning. In 1920 Watson showed that fears can be conditioned and thereby laid the foundations for behavior therapy treatments for phobia.
Confirmed Infectious TB Case: A person who has been determined to have infectious TB by positive culture of body fluid or tissue.
Crisis Intervention: Intervention provided when a crisis exists to the extent that on&s usual coping resources threaten individual or family functioning.
Cross Dependence: Condition in which one drug can prevent the withdrawal symptoms associated with physical dependence on a different drug.
Cross Tolerance: Condition in which tolerance of one drug results in a lessened response to another drug.
CTC: California Therapeutic Communities. This is a statewide group, mostly consisting of substance abuse treatment providers which practice therapeutic community principles.
DADP (or ADP): State of California Department of Alcohol and Drugs. Their mission is to provide leadership, policy direction and administration of a statewide system to eliminate alcohol and drug problems.
Denial: The refusal to admit to one's self the truth or reality, i.e. a person who refuses to admit that they have a problem with alcohol or drugs.
Depression: A state of sadness marked by inactivity and inability to concentrate: reduction of the functional activity of the body.
DEA: Drug Enforcement Administration. Division of the U.S. Department of Justice.
Depressant: Any of several drugs that sedate by acting on the central nervous system: medical uses include the treatment of anxiety, tension, and high blood pressure. Historically, people of almost every culture have used chemical agents to induce sleep, relieve stress, and allay anxiety. While alcohol is one of the oldest and most universal agents used for these purposes, hundreds of substances have been developed that produce central nervous system depression. These drugs have been referred to as downers, sedatives, hypnotics, minor tranquilizers, anxiolytics, and anti-anxiety medications. Unlike most other classes of drugs of abuse, depressants are rarely produced in clandestine laboratories. Generally, legitimate pharmaceutical products are diverted to the illicit market
Detoxification: Removal of a toxic substance such as a drug or alcohol from the body.
Dextropropoxyphene: A close relative of methadone, dextropropoxyphene was first marketed in 1957 under the trade name of Darvon®. Oral analgesic potency is one-half to one-third that of codeine, with 65 mg approximately equivalent to about 600 mg of aspirin. Dextroproxyphene is prescribed for relief of mild to moderate pain. Bulk dextropropoxyphene is in Schedule II, while preparations containing it are in Schedule IV. More than 100 tons of dextropropoxyphene are produced in the United States annually, and more than 30 million prescriptions are written for the products. This narcotic is associated with a number of toxic side effects and is among the top 10 drugs reported by medical examiners in drug abuse deaths.
Disease Model: A theory of alcoholism endorsed by the AMA, APA, The World Health Organization, NCADD and AA, in which alcoholism is seen as a disease rather than a psychological or social problem.
Disorganization: A state of impaired and inefficient emotional organization resulting from a person's inability to cope with internal conflicts and external reality.
Downers: Barbiturates, tranquilizers, alcohol and depressants.
Drug Misuse: Use of any drug (legal or illegal) for a medical or recreational purpose when other alternatives are available, practical or warranted, or when drug use endangers either the user or others with whom he or she may interact.
Drug Tolerance: A state of progressively decreased responsiveness to a drug.
Dual-Diagnosis: Generally used to describe the condition of mental patients who are also addicted to a mind altering drug.
DUI: Driving Under the Influence of alcohol or an illicit substance - any substance, licit or illicit, if it impairs the driving function
DWI: Driving While Intoxicated.
Enzyme: Biological chemical, protein in nature and produced by living cells that can influence the rate of body processes. Enzymes can act independently of the cells that produce them.
Ethanol: Ethyl alcohol or the beverage type of alcohol.
Fentanyl: Fentanyl is a powerful synthetic opiate analgesic similar to but more potent than morphine. It is typically used to treat patients with severe pain, or to manage pain after surgery. It is also sometimes used to treat people with chronic pain who are physically tolerant to opiates. It is a schedule II prescription drug.
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS): A pattern of birth defects, cardiac abnormalities, and developmental retardation seen in some babies of alcohol abusing and/or alcoholic mothers.
Fetal Drug Syndrome (FDS): A pattern of developmental birth defects characterized by low birth weight, growth retardation (Teratogenic in early pregnancy), premature delivery, or spontaneous abortion, and withdrawal symptoms for the neonate: seen in babies of drug abusing mothers.
Food and Drug Administration (FDA): Agency of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services that administers federal laws regarding the purity of food, the safety and effectiveness of drugs and the safety of cosmetics.
Glutethimide: Glutethimide (Doriden®) was introduced in 1954 and methaqualone ("Quaalude" Sopor®) in 1965 as safe barbiturate substitutes. Experience demonstrated, however; that their addiction liability and the severity of withdrawal symptoms were similar to those of barbiturates. By 1972, "luding out," taking methaqualone with wine, was a popular college pastime. Today, there is little medical use of glutethimide in the United States. Glutethimide is a hypnotic sedative that was introduced in 1954 as a safe alternative to barbiturates to treat insomnia. Before long, however, it had become clear that glutethimide was just as likely to cause addiction and caused similarly severe withdrawal symptoms. Doriden is the brand-name version of the drug; both the generic and brand-name forms are rarely prescribed today.
Hallucination: Perception of objects or experience of sensations with no real external cause. Can be auditory, visual, etc.
Hallucinogen: Hallucinogens are drugs that cause hallucinations - profound distortions in a person's perceptions of reality. Under the influence of hallucinogens, people see images, hear sounds, and feel sensations that seem real but do not exist. Some hallucinogens also produce rapid, intense emotional swings. Some other names for hallucinogens are (LSD) acid, blotter acid, window pane, dots, mellow yellow, lucy in the sky with diamonds (PCP) angel dust, ozone, rocket fuel, supergrass, killer weed, embalming fluid, wack, ozone.
Hashish: Hashish, a potent grade of cannabis, is made from resin extracted from the flower clusters and top leaves of the marijuana plant. Hashish consists of the THC-rich resinous material of the cannabis plant, which is collected, dried, and then compressed into a variety of forms, such as balls, cakes, or cookie-like sheets. Pieces are then broken off, placed in pipes, and smoked. The Middle East, North Africa, Pakistan, and Afghanistan are the main sources of hashish. The THC content of hashish that reached the United States, where demand is limited, averaged about 5 percent in the 1990s.
Hash Oil: Hash oil is a manufactured, extracted by-product of hashish or marijuana, It is produced by boiling hash or marijuana in a solvent, usually. alcohol or vodka, and then filtering out any sediment or waste. This process results in a thick, gooey liquid that can be clear, yellow, dark brown, or black in color. Hash oil's incredible potency is due to its very high concentration of THC, the active ingredient in cannabis preparations that gets one stoned. Where average grass has about 1 percent of this ingredient, and potent hash maybe 8 to 14 percent, oil is loaded with 15 to 30 percent THC, and that's bound to do something serious to the smoker's equilibrium.
Heroin: Heroin is a highly addictive drug, and its use is a serious problem in America. Recent studies suggest a shift from injecting heroin to snorting or smoking because of increased purity and the misconception that these forms of use will not lead to addiction. Heroin is processed from morphine, a naturally occurring substance extracted from the seedpod of the Asian poppy plant. Heroin usually appears as a white or brown powder. Street names for heroin include "smack," "H," "skag," and "junk." Other names may refer to types of heroin produced in a specific geographical area, such as "Mexican black tar."
High Risk Work Environment: Any facility which houses inmates: residential facility for HIV infected persons, residential facility for elderly, shelter for the homeless, drug treatment clinic, hospital, clinical research or production facility that works with TB bacilli, or medical facility which utilizes procedures resulting in aerosolization of respiratory secretions from patients or which provides medical treatment primarily to populations at increased risk for TB.
HIV: the human immunodeficiency virus, the causative agent of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS).
Hydrocodone: Hydrocodone is available only in combination with other ingredients, and different combination products are prescribed for different uses. Some hydrocodone products are used to relieve moderate to severe pain. Other hydrocodone products are used to relieve cough. Hydrocodone is in a class of medications called opiate (narcotic) analgesics and in a class of medications called antitussives. Hydrocodone relieves pain by changing the way the brain and nervous system respond to pain. Hydrocodone relieves cough by decreasing activity in the part of the brain that causes coughing.
Hydromorphone: Hydromorphone (Dilaudid®) is marketed in tablets (2, 4, and 8 mg), rectal Suppositories, oral solutions, and injectable formulations. All products are in Schedule II of the CSA. Its analgesic potency is from two to eight times that of morphine, but it is shorter acting and produces more sedation than morphine. Much sought after by narcotic addicts, hydromorphone is usually obtained by the abuser through fraudulent prescriptions or theft. The tablets are often dissolved and injected as a substitute for heroin.
Inhalant: Inhalants are a diverse group of substances that include volatile solvents, gases, and nitrites that are sniffed, snorted, huffed, or bagged to produce intoxicating effects similar to alcohol. These substances are found in common household products like glues, lighter fluid, cleaning fluids, and paint products. Inhalant abuse is the deliberate inhaling or sniffing of these substances to get high, and it is estimated that about 1,000 substances are misused in this manner.
Illicit Drugs: Drugs whose use, possession, or sale is illegal.
Indian Alcohol Commission of California (ICC): A non-profit association in California represented by eighteen Commissioners. Present focus of this organization is on education and certification of counselors.
Interpersonal Relationships: Developing and maintaining social relations between people. Between persons, Social (interpersonal skills).
Intoxication: Literally, a state of being poisoned or drugged; a condition produced by use (abuse) of toxic drugs, alcohol, barbiturates, and so forth.
Involuntary Smoking: Involuntary inhalation of the cigarette smoke of others.
Ketamine: Ketamine as "Special K" or "K" has become a staple at ‘rave’ parties. It produces a dose-related progression of effects from a state of dreamy intoxication to delirium accompanied by the inability to move, feel pain or remember what has occurred while under the drug’s influence. Ketamine is a prescription drug. It’s intended use is as an anesthetic in human and veterinary medicine. Nineteen states have regulated ketamine and on August 12, 1999 it became a Schedule III substance under the Federal Controlled Substances Act.
khat: Catha edulis Forsk, popularly known as khat, is a plant used in parts of Africa and the Arab Peninsula. Its fresh leaves and tops are chewed or, less frequently, dried and consumed as tea, in order to achieve a state of euphoria and stimulation.
LAAM: LAAM (Levomethadyl) belongs to the group of medicines known as narcotic analgesics. I t is used as a substitute for illegal narcotics in addiction treatment programs. This medicine is not a cure for addiction. It is used as part of an overall program that may include counseling, attending support group meetings, and other treatment recommended by your doctor.
LSD: Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is the most potent hallucinogen known to science, as well as the most highly studied. LSD was originally synthesized in 1938 by Dr. Albert Hoffman. However, its hallucinogenic effects were unknown until 1943 when Hoffman accidentally consumed some LSD. It was later found that an oral dose of as little as 0.000025 grams (or 25 micrograms, equal in weight to a few grains of salt) is capable of producing rich and vivid hallucinations.
Marijuana: Marijuana - often called pot, grass, reefer, weed, herb, mary jane, or mj - is a greenish-gray mixture of the dried, shredded leaves, stems, seeds, and flowers of marijuana sativa, the hemp plant. Most users smoke marijuana in hand-rolled cigarettes called joints, among other names; some use pipes or water pipes called bongs. Marijuana cigars called blunts have also become popular. To make blunts, users slice open cigars and replace the tobacco with marijuana, often combined with another drug, such as crack cocaine. Marijuana also is used to brew tea and is sometimes mixed into foods.
Medical Model: A theory of drug abuse or addiction in which the addiction is seen as a medical, rather than as a social problem.
Methadone: German scientists synthesized methadone during World War II because of a shortage of morphine. Although chemically unlike morphine or heroin, methadone produces many of the same effects. Introduced into the United States in 1947 as an analgesic (Dolophinel), it is primarily used today for the treatment of narcotic addiction. It is available in oral solutions, tablets, and injectable Schedule II formulations, and is almost as effective when administered orally as it is by injection.
Methaphetamine: Meth is the most potent form of amphetamine readily available with or without a prescription. Although pharmaceutical Meth once widely was available in this country, its medical use is very restricted today. Almost all of today's Meth is homemade and resembles a fine coarse powder, crystal or chunks. Its color varies from off-white to yellow, and it is furnished in plastic wrap, aluminum foil, capsules or tablets of various sizes and colors. It is taken into the body by swallowing, snorting or injecting intravenously. Meth is called by many names, including crank, crystal, meth, speed, go-fast, go, crystal meth, zip, chris, cristy, or ice.
Methcathinone: Methcathinone is a psychoactive stimulant. It is sometimes used as a recreational drug and is considered to be addictive. It is usually snorted, but can be smoked, injected, or taken orally. Methcathinone is currently a DEA Schedule I controlled substance in the United States. Unlike methamphetamine, methcathinone is not legal under any circumstances in the US due to its classification as a Schedule I substance. In contrast, methamphetamine has certain medical uses such as treatment of morbid obesity, narcolepsy and ADHD.
Meprobamate: Meprobamate was introduced as an anti-anxiety agent in 1955 and is prescribed primarily to treat anxiety, tension, and associated muscle spasms. More than 50 tons are distributed annually in the United States under its generic name and brand names such as Miltown® and Equanil®. Its onset and duration of action are similar to the intermediate-acting barbiturates; however, therapeutic doses of meprobamate produce less sedation and toxicity than barbiturates. Excessive use can result in psychological and physical dependence. Carisoprodol (Soma®), a skeletal muscle relaxant, is metabolized to meprobamate.
Metabolism (of drugs): All the chemical and physical reactions that the body carries out to prepare a drug for excretion.
MMDA: Commonly referred to as Ecstasy, XTC, Clarity, or Essence, 3, 4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is a synthetic psychoactive drug possessing stimulant and mild hallucinogenic properties. In the early 1990s, MDMA became increasingly popular among European youth. However, it is within the last five years that MDMA use in the United States has increased at an alarming rate.
Morphine: Morphine is the principal constituent of opium and can range in concentration from 4 to 21 percent. Commercial opium is standardized to contain 10-percent morphine. In the United States, a small percentage of the morphine obtained from opium is used directly (about 15 tons): the remaining is converted to codeine and other derivatives (about 120 tons). Morphine is one of the most effective drugs known for the relief of severe pain and remains the standard against which new analgesics are measured.
Methadone: A synthetically produced, long-acting opiate (trademark Dolophine).
Narcotic: A drug having the power to produce a state of sleep or drowsiness and to relieve pain with the potential of being dependence producing.
Narcotics: Narcotic medications fall under the class of pain medications or chemical compounds called opium, opium derivative or semisynthetic substitutes. The widespread use of the term "narcotic" indicates drugs with morphine-like effects. The generic names of common medications producing morphine-like effects include codeine, dextropropoxyphene, fentanyl, heroin, morphine, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, meperidine, methadone and oxycontin. Some brand names familiar to consumers are Demerol, Duragesic, Percodan, OxyContin and Vicodan. Narcotic intake encompasses taking the medications via oral, under-the-tongue, skin patch, intramuscular injection or intravenous injection routes.
NCADD: National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence.
Neurotransmitter: A natural chemical released by one neuron to influence or communicate with another. Acetylcholine, dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, GABA, etc.
Nicotine: Nicotine is the drug in tobacco leaves. Whether someone smokes, chews, or sniffs tobacco, he or she is delivering nicotine to the brain. Each cigarette contains about 10 milligrams of nicotine. Nicotine is what keeps people smoking despite its harmful effects. Because the smoker inhales only some of the smoke from a cigarette and not all of each puff is absorbed in the lungs, a smoker gets about 1 to 2 milligrams of the drug from each cigarette. A drop of pure nicotine would kill a person-in fact, nicotine can be used as a pesticide on crops.
NBAE: National Board of Addiction Examiners. A not for profit national organization belonging to the National Association of Forensic Counselors. NBAE provides certification to those in the addiction field, including the CCDC certification, which is currently recognized by California, Oregon, and Washington for equivalance to State certification in Addiction Counseling.
Operant Conditioning: Operant conditioning follows the US psychologist Edward Thorndike's (1874-1949) law of effect' (1911): that responses become more frequent if followed by satisfying consequences but less frequent if followed by aversive consequences. Skinner showed that a rat which is rewarded when it operates on' its environment by pressing a lever will increase its number of lever-presses. It is therefore associating the stimulus (reinforcement) with its own behavior (response). This is referred to as S-R conditioning. (see also, Classical Conditioning, Conditioning)
Opiate: Any substance, natural or synthetic, that is related in action to morphine and binds to the same, or some of the same, receptors. Some writers use it just to mean opium, morphine, codeine, and heroin - the natural ingredients of the poppy and their derivatives, excluding the synthetic narcotic analgesics.
Opioids: Opioids (drugs that have opiate-like behavior and bind the opioid receptors) and opiates (drugs derived from opium) are a class of drugs used in a variety of indications. These clinical uses include analgesia (morphine), cough suppression (codeine), diarrhea (crude opium preparations), anesthesia (fentanyl) and detoxification (methadone). Some of these drugs are more addictive than others, especially morphine and heroin (diacetylmorphine). The effects depend on what they bind, how fast acting they are and how long their sustained effects are. For example, heroin is fast acting, producing euphoria and relaxation, while codeine is relatively slower and seems to produce only drowsiness.
Over-the-Counter Drugs: Drugs legally sold without a prescription.
Paraldehyde: Paraldehyde is used to treat certain convulsive disorders. It also has been used in the treatment of alcoholism and in the treatment of nervous and mental conditions to calm or relax patients who are nervous or tense and to produce sleep. However, this medicine has generally been replaced by safer and more effective medicines for the treatment of alcoholism and in the treatment of nervous and mental conditions.
Pep pills: amphetamines.
Pentazocine: Pentazocine is a synthetically-prepared prototypical mixed agonist-antagonist narcotic (opioid analgesic) drug of the benzomorphan class of opioids used to treat mild to moderately severe pain. Pentazocine is sold under several brand names, such as Fortal, Talwin NX (with the mu-antagonist naloxone, will cause withdrawal in opioid dependent persons), Talwin, Talwin PX (without naloxone), Fortwin (Lactate injectable form) and Talacen (with acetaminophen). Talwin PX is the main pentazocine pharmaceutical in Canada, where laws and regulations prohibit the addition of naloxone to the formulation for non-therapeutic purposes.
Peyote: Peyote is a small, spineless cactus, Lophophora williamsii, whose principal active ingredient is the hallucinogen mescaline (3, 4, 5-trimethoxyphenethylamine). From earliest recorded time, peyote has been used by natives in northern Mexico and the southwestern United States as a part of their religious rites.
Pharmacology: The branch of science that deals with the study of drugs and their action on living systems.
Phencyclidine: Phencyclidine (PCP), a clandestinely manufactured hallucinogen commonly used in conjunction with marijuana, causes users to feel detached from their surroundings and, in some cases, paranoid and violent. It was developed in the 1950s as an intravenous anesthetic. Use of PCP in humans was discontinued in 1965, because it was found that patients often became agitated, delusional, and irrational while recovering from its anesthetic effects.
Placebo: A pharmacologically inert substance that may elicit a significant reaction entirely because of the mental set of the patient or the physical setting in which the drug is taken.
Pot: Pot (grass, pot, weed) is the common name for a crude drug made from the plant Cannabis sativa. The main mind-altering (psychoactive) ingredient in pot is THC (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol), but more than 400 other chemicals also are in the plant.
Precursor: In a metabolic sequence of reactions, a compound that gives rise to the next compound: for example, choline is the precursor for the neurotransmitter acetyicholine
Prescription Drugs: A controlled drug available only by the order of a licensed physician, P.A. or nurse Practitioners' prescription. The prescription drugs that are commonly abused in the United States fall into several broad categories: opioids/narcotics/pain relievers, depressants, and stimulants. Individuals abuse these drugs because they are an easily accessible and inexpensive means of altering a user’s mental and physical state; the effects vary depending upon the drugs they abuse.
Prevention: Primary, secondary and tertiary. Primary prevention is an active assertive process of creating conditions and or personal attributes that promotes the well being of people. Secondary prevention is early detection and intervention to keep beginning problems from becoming more severe. Tertiary prevention is the effort to rehabilitate those affected with severe disorders and return them to the community.
Prognosis: The prospect of recovery as anticipated from the usual course of a disease.
Psilocybin: Psilocybin is a hallucinogenic (entheogenic, psychedelic) indole of the tryptamine family, found in psilocybin mushrooms. It is present in hundreds of species of fungi, including those of the genus Psilocybe, such as Psilocybe cubensis and Psilocybe semilanceata, but also reportedly isolated from a dozen or so other genera. Psilocybin mushrooms are commonly called "sacred mushrooms," "magic mushrooms," or more simply "shrooms". Possession, and in some cases usage, of psilocybin or psilocin has been outlawed in most countries across the globe.
Psychedelic: Mind-manifesting group of drugs producing a mental state of great calm and intensely pleasurable perception.
Psychoactive Drug: Any chemical substance that alters mood or behavior as a result of alterations in the functioning of the brain.
Psychotherapy: The treatment of emotional or behavioral problems by psychological means, often in one-to-one interviews or small groups. Modern psychoanalysis and cognitive therapies concentrate on the patient's beliefs. Other therapies, such as those within humanistic psychology, attend to the patient's emotional state or sensitivity. The distinction, however, is not clear-cut, as all these therapies involve intense exploration of the patient's conflicts, and most rely on the emotion generated in therapy as a force in the patient's recovery. In contrast, behaviour therapies derive from the view that neurosis is a matter of maladaptive conditioning and concentrate on modifying patients' behavior.
Psychotropic Drug: Drug that acts on psychic mood behavior or experience.
Psychological Dependence: A compulsion to use a drug for its pleasurable effects. Such dependence may lead to a compulsion to misuse a drug. A craving and compulsion to use a drug that is psychologically rather than physiologically based, e.g., compulsive gambling is a purely psychological dependence: a similar effect may come from drug use.
Psychopharmacology: The study of the effects of drugs on mood, sensation, consciousness, or other psychological or behavioral functions.
Psychiatrist: Person with a degree in medicine (MD) with additional training in psychiatry; the study of mental disorders.
Receptor: Special protein on the membrane or in the cytoplasm of a target cell with which a drug, a neurotransmitter, or a hormone interacts.
Recidivism: Return or relapse to a type of behavior, such as drug taking.
Rehabilitate: To restore to effectiveness or normal life by training etc., esp. after imprisonment or illness; to restore to former privileges or reputation or a proper condition. Derivative (rehabilitative adj.; rehabilitation n.[medieval Latin: rehabilitare (as re-, habilitate)])
Relapse: Referring to alcoholism, a recurrence of symptoms of the disease after a period of sobriety.
Relapse Prevention: A therapeutic process for interrupting behaviors, beliefs and self talk that lead to life style dysfunction.
Reversed Tolerance: State produced by a particular drug, process, or individual, such that lower dosages of the same drug produce the same amount and quality of the desired or observed effect that previously was observed only with higher dosages.
Ritalin: Ritalin works by increasing attention and decreasing restlessness in children who are overactive, cannot concentrate for very long, or are easily distracted, and are emotionally unstable. Ritalin also is used as part of a total treatment program that includes social, educational, and psychological treatment. Methylphenidate (MPH) is the most commonly prescribed psychostimulant and is indicated in the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome and narcolepsy, although off-label uses include treating lethargy, depression, neural insult and obesity.
Rohypnol: Rohypnol is a short-acting benzodiazepine with general properties similar to those of Valium. It is used in the short-term treatment of insomnia, as a pre-medication in surgical procedures and for inducing anaesthesia. Like other benzodiazepines (such as Valium, Librium and Xanax), Rohypnol's effects include sedation, muscle relaxation, reduction in anxiety, and prevention of convulsions. However, Rohypnol's sedative effects are approximately 7 to 10 times stronger than Valium. The effects of Rohypnol appear 15 to 20 minutes after administration and last approximately four to six hours. Some residual effects can be found 12 hours or more after administration.
Self-help Group: Group of individuals with similar problems that meets for the purpose of providing support and information to each other and for mutual problem solving; Parents Anonymous and Alcoholics Anonymous are examples of self-help groups.
Self Reporting Screening Inventory: These devices are usually substantially less time-consuming than conventional testing, and they can be used as a precursor test to determine if a full screen or assessment should be administered for the potential AODA client.
Side Effects: Secondary effects, usually undesirable, of a drug or therapy or behavior.
Social Model: A modality of treatment known as the recovery process characterized by lifelong commitment to life style changes to enable an individual to develop a constructive, productive and meaningful sober way of life that fulfills their potential; generally accomplished in a community based program.
Steroids: Anabolic steroids is the familiar name for synthetic substances related to the male sex hormones (androgens). They promote the growth of skeletal muscle (anabolic effects) and the development of male sexual characteristics (androgenic effects), and also have some other effects. Those commonly encountered on the illicit market include: boldenone (Equipose), ethylestrenol (Maxibolin), fluoxymesterone (Halotestin), methandriol, methandrostenolone (Dianabol), Depo-Testosterone Android - 25 (mehyltestosterone), nandrolone (Durabolin, Deca-Durabolin), oxandrolone (Anavar), oxymetholone (Anadrol), stanozolol (Winstrol), testosterone and trenbolone (Finajet). In addition, a number of bogus or counterfeit products are sold as anabolic steroids.
Stimulant: Stimulants are substances that increase, or stimulate the normal activity of the central nervous system. In other words, they increase the normal level of awareness, alertness and energy in one's mind and body. They usually have side-effects and if you take them for an extended period of time, you may become dependent upon them. There are both legal and illegal stimulants. Legal stimulants like caffeine, nicotine, weight loss pills and energy drinks are very popular. However, they are very addictive. Illegal stimulants such as methamphetamine, crack, cocaine or ecstasy are extremely addictive. While under the influence of these controlled substances you may become overly sexually active and often times have unprotected sex. You may also find yourself involved in criminal activity in an attempt to support your habit.
Straight: Not using drugs; not intoxicated with drugs or under their influence.
Substance Abuse: Refers to overeating, cigarette smoking, alcohol abuse, or drug abuse.
Syndrome: All the signs and symptoms associated with a disease.
Synergism: Effect of a combination of drugs taken simultaneously, which is greater than the sum of the effects of the same drugs when taken separately.
TB: means the disease of tuberculosis
TB Bacilli: means the bacteria, Mycobacterium Tuberculosis, which causes human tuberculosis infection and disease.
THC: THC is the most commonly abused illicit drug in the United States. It is a dry, shredded green and brown mix of flowers, stems, seeds, and leaves derived from the hemp plant Cannabis sativa. The main active chemical in THC is delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, or THC for short.
Thebain: Thebaine is a naturally occurring non-addictive, non-narcotic alkaloid contained in opium.
Therapeutic Community: Setting in which persons with similar problems meet and provide mutual support to help overcome those problems, with fairly structured rules, guidelines, etc.
Tolerance: Condition in which a person must keep increasing the dosage of a drug to maintain the same effect. Tolerance develops with the barbiturates, amphetamines and related compounds, and opiates.
Toxicity: Degree of poisonousness: any substance in excessive amounts can act as a poison or toxin. With drugs, the margin between the dosage that produces beneficial effects and the dosage that produces toxic or poisonous effects varies with the drug and the person receiving it.
Tranquilizers: (major) Drugs used to relieve symptoms of severe psychosis (for example, Thorazine); (minor) Psychoactive drugs with sedative and antianxiety effect; also used as anticonvulsants and muscle relaxants (an example is Valium).
Tricyclic Antidepressants: Tricyclic antidepressants are medicines that relieve mental depression. Tricyclic antidepressants are available only with a physician's prescription and are sold in tablet, capsule, liquid, and injectable forms. Some commonly used tricyclic antidepressants are amitriptyline (Elavil), desipramine (Norpramin), imipramine (Tofranil), nortriptyline (Pamelor), and protriptyline (Vivactil).
Ups or Uppers: Stimulants; amphetamines.
Values: Assumptions, convictions, or beliefs about the manner in which people should behave and the principles that should govern behavior.
Weed: Weed is the most commonly used illegal drug in
the U.S. It is made up of dried parts of the Cannabis sativa hemp plant.
Withdrawal Syndrome: The group of reactions or behavior that follows abrupt cessation of the use of a drug upon which the body has become dependent. May include anxiety, insomnia, DTs, perspiration, hot flashes, nausea, dehydration, tremors, weakness, dizziness, convulsions, and psychotic behavior. If untreated in some individuals can be cause of death.
Xanax / Valium: Benzodiazepines are some of the most commonly used medications in psychiatry. They comprise a large family of medications with some of the more commonly used ones or things like lorazepam -- or Ativan -- clonazepam -- or Klonopin -- alprazolam -- or Xanax -- and diazepam -- or Valium. Benzodiazepines have a number of properties which make them useful in a lot of clinical situations. In addition to their effects as anti-anxiety medications, they're also used as sedatives, they're used as anticonvulsant medications, and they have muscle relaxant properties as well.
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