Hallucinogens
Hallucinogens are among the oldest known group of drugs used for
their ability to alter human perception and mood. For centuries,
many of the naturally occurring hallucinogens found in plants
and fungi have been used for a variety of shamanistic practices.
In more recent years, a number of synthetic hallucinogens have
been produced, some of which are much more potent than their
naturally occurring counterparts.
The biochemical, pharmacological, and physiological basis for
hallucinogenic activity is not well understood. Even the name
for this class of drugs is not ideal, since hallucinogens do not
always produce hallucinations.
However, taken in non-toxic dosages, these substances produce
changes in perception, thought, and mood. Physiological effects
include elevated heart rate, increased blood pressure, and
dilated pupils. Sensory effects include perceptual distortions
that vary with dose, setting, and mood. Psychic effects include
disorders of thought associated with time and space. Time may
appear to stand still and forms and colors seem to change and
take on new significance. This experience may be either
pleasurable or extremely frightening. It needs to be stressed
that the effects of hallucinogens are unpredictable each time
they are used.
Weeks or even months after some hallucinogens have been taken,
the user may experience flashbacks--fragmentary recurrences of
certain aspects of the drug experience in the absence of
actually taking the drug. The occurrence of a flashback is
unpredictable, but is more likely to occur during times of
stress and seem to occur more frequently in younger individuals.
With time, these episodes diminish and become less intense.
The abuse of hallucinogens in the United States received much
public attention in the 1960s and 1970s. A subsequent decline in
their use in the 1980s may be attributed to real or perceived
hazards associated with taking these drugs. However, a
resurgence of the use of hallucinogens in the 1990s is cause for
concern. By 1999, one out of every six college students (14.8
percent) reported some use of hallucinogens in their lifetime,
and an estimated 900,000 Americans 12 years of age or older,
were current users of hallucinogens. Hallucinogenic mushrooms,
LSD, and MDMA are popular among junior and senior high school
students who use hallucinogens.
There is a considerable body of literature that links the use of
some of the hallucinogenic substances to neuronal damage in
animals, and recent data support that some hallucinogens are
neurotoxic to humans. However, the most common danger of
hallucinogen use is impaired judgment that often leads to rash
decisions and accidents.
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