Codeine
Codeine is the most widely used, naturally occurring narcotic in
medical treatment in the world. This alkaloid is found in opium
in concentrations ranging from 0.7 to 2.5 percent. However, most
codeine used in the United States is produced from morphine.
Codeine is also the starting material for the production of two
other narcotics, dihydrocodeine and hydrocodone.
Codeine is medically prescribed for the relief of moderate pain
and cough suppression. Compared to morphine, codeine produces
less analgesia, sedation, and respiratory depression, and is
usually taken orally. It is made into tablets either alone
(Schedule II) or in combination with aspirin or acetaminophen
(i.e., Tylenol with Codeine, Schedule III). As a cough
suppressant, codeine is found in a number of liquid preparations
(these products are in Schedule V). Codeine is also used to a
lesser extent as an injectable solution for the treatment of
pain. Codeine products are diverted from legitimate sources and
are encountered on the illicit market.
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